Yes. A criminal record can affect ESTA approval.
The ESTA application includes crime-related questions, and eligibility may vary depending on the nature of the record.
Also, not every criminal record is treated in the same way.
Depending on the type and details of the record, a visa may be required instead of ESTA.
The most important point is to provide accurate information in the application.
If a criminal record is entered incorrectly or omitted, it may affect not only ESTA approval but also later inspection during travel.